P-Type Semiconductor Basics
If we go the other way, and introduce
a “Trivalent” (3-electron) impurity into the crystalline structure, such as
Aluminium, Boron or Indium, which have only three valence electrons available
in their outermost orbital, the fourth closed bond cannot be formed. Therefore,
a complete connection is not possible, giving the semiconductor material an
abundance of positively charged carriers known as holes in the structure of the
crystal where electrons are effectively missing.
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